Reading list — John Senior's The Thousand Good Books

Reading list — John Senior's "The Thousand Good Books"

A working edition of John Senior's list, banded by age and ordered by reading difficulty, with reading levels, parent advisories and edition notes. Compiled: 2026-10-19.

How to read this

Lexile codes and grade levels (US grades and ages)

A Lexile is one number on a single scale, from below 0L to above 1600L; higher = harder. It is not a grade and not an age. Plain 940L means only "the text measures 940". A two-letter code in front tells you what kind of book it is:

Code Name What it tells you
AD Adult Directed Written to be read aloud. The number rates the text, not the child: AD660L (Peter Rabbit) is for a 4-year-old, but an adult reads it.
NC Non-Conforming Above the usual range for its age group — meant for a strong reader who still needs age-appropriate content. NC1060L (Just So Stories).
HL High-Low High interest, low readability — older content at a simpler reading level (teen themes, easy text).
IG Illustrated Guide Reference-style nonfiction, browsed rather than read straight through.
GN Graphic Novel Comic / graphic-novel format.
BR Beginning Reader Below 0L. The bigger the number, the easier the book: BR300L is easier than BR100L.
NP Non-Prose Poetry, plays, songs, text without normal punctuation — no number is given.

Lexile → grade

Every Level cell in the tables below is now written out as measure · US grade · age, so you don't have to look anything up:

**880L** · G4 · 9–10 yrs → a text measuring 880 Lexile, typical of grade 4, age 9–10.

MetaMetrics (the company that owns Lexile) states plainly that no Lexile corresponds exactly to a grade: within any one grade, readers span roughly ±250L, so the bands overlap — 1060L sits in the grade 6, 7 and 8 bands at once. To keep one number per book, I assign the first grade whose end-of-year text level reaches the measure. So 1060L → G6, because typical grade-6 texts end at 1070L, while grade 5 ends at 1010L.

Lexile US grade Age
BR–230L K 5–6
190–530L 1 6–7
420–650L 2 7–8
520–820L 3 8–9
740–940L 4 9–10
830–1010L 5 10–11
925–1070L 6 11–12
970–1120L 7 12–13
1010–1185L 8 13–14
1050–1260L 9 14–15
1080–1335L 10 15–16
1185–1385L 11–12 16–18
above 1385L beyond school 18+

The grade column is the Common Core text band for that school year. Grades are US; the UK and Australia do not use Lexile at all — they use book bands (UK) and PM/Reading Recovery levels (Australia), so no year column is given here. As a rough guide, US grade N ≈ UK/AU year N+1, because the school years start a year later there.

Worked example. Alice is 880L → the grade 4 band (740–940L), so the text is about as hard as a typical 9–10-year-old's reading book — even though the story is routinely read to six-year-olds. That gap between text difficulty and content maturity is precisely why the ⚠️ flags and parent notes matter more than the number.

Matching a reader. Lexile's own rule of thumb: a good challenge is a book 100L below to 50L above the child's own measured Lexile.

1. The Nursery (Ages 2–7)

A. Picture books & verse — read aloud

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Caldecott — Picture Books (16 vols) picture book · 2–7 yrs Gentle; foundational.
Greenaway — Apple Pie; Marigold Garden; Mother Goose; Under the Window picture book · 2–7 yrs Gentle.
Mother Goose nursery rhyme · 2–7 yrs ⚠️ a few rhymes are historically violent/dark.
Lear — Nonsense Omnibus; The Owl and the Pussycat verse · 2–7 yrs Gentle, funny.
Stevenson — A Child's Garden of Verses 1190L · G9 · 14–15 yrs Gentle.
de la Mare — Come Hither; Songs of Childhood verse · 2–7 yrs Gentle.
Potter — Peter Rabbit + 23 little books AD660L · G3 · 8–9 yrs Gentle. Buy the individual little books, not a big collected volume (the small size is deliberate).
Aesop — Aesop's Fables 940L · G4 · 9–10 yrs Animal fables; mild violence/death. Version: L'Estrange translation (Senior's pick); modern retellings are easier.
Perrault — Fairy Tales est. G2–4 · 7–10 yrs Standard fairy-tale violence. Version: Doré-illustrated Dover facsimile.
Lamb — Beauty and the Beast; Tales from Shakespeare 960L · G5 · 10–11 yrs Adapted; gentle.
Edgeworth — The Parent's Assistant; Moral Tales est. G3–5 · 8–11 yrs Didactic, gentle.
Belloc — The Bad Child's Book of Beasts; Cautionary Tales verse · 2–7 yrs Darkly comic; children come to harm (eaten, choked) — humorous warnings, but check sensitivity.

B. Easy chapter read-alouds

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Milne — Winnie-the-Pooh series 790L · G3 · 8–9 yrs Gentle, warm; fine.
Lofting — Doctor Dolittle series 580L · G2 · 7–8 yrs Gentle; ⚠️ some dated racial depictions in the original.
Ewing — Jackanapes est. G3–4 · 8–10 yrs Gentle; sad ending (death).
Gesta Romanorum (trans. Swann) est. G5+ · 10+ yrs Medieval tales; some grim/violent; better as a story source.

C. Harder read-alouds

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Carroll — Alice; Through the Looking-Glass 880L · G4 · 9–10 yrs Nonsense the child won't fully get (fine). Some drug imagery (hookah caterpillar, "Drink Me", mushroom), mild menace. Version: Tenniel illustrations.
Collodi — Pinocchio 790L · G3 · 8–9 yrs (varies by translation) Darker than Disney — Pinocchio hurt/hanged, frightening episodes. Version: read an unabridged Collodi translation, not a Disney retelling.
Kingsley — The Water Babies 1070L · G6 · 11–12 yrs ⚠️ dated racist/ethnic caricature, death, harsh; some editions abridged. Consider skipping/editing.
Grimm — Household Stories 1080L · G7 · 12–13 yrs Real violence (Cinderella's stepsisters mutilate their feet, etc.). Version: Crane-illustrated Dover facsimile; a selected/pruned edition for younger children.
Andersen — Fairy Tales 860L · G4 · 9–10 yrs Often sad/dark — death (Little Match Girl, Little Mermaid).
Lang — colour Fairy Books 1120L · G7 · 12–13 yrs Fairy-tale violence; ⚠️ some dated content. Version: H.J. Ford illustrations (Dover facsimile).
Kipling — Just So Stories NC1060L · G6 · 11–12 yrs Written to be read aloud (the "NC" = sentences above the intended age). ⚠️ dated imperial/racial language.
Kipling — The Jungle Book 1140L · G8 · 13–14 yrs ⚠️ dated imperial/racial language; violence.
Grahame — The Wind in the Willows 1140L · G8 · 13–14 yrs Gentle and warm; a read-aloud despite the high Lexile. Version: Shepard illustrations.
Harris — Uncle Remus est. G5+ · 10+ yrs ⚠️ Verified: Harris's framing romanticises slavery ("nothing but pleasant memories of the discipline of slavery") and uses minstrel-style dialect; widely criticised (Alice Walker: "Uncle Remus, No Friend of Mine"). The Brer Rabbit tales themselves are Black American folklore — better read via modern retellings by Black authors.
Arabian Nights collection · no measure ⚠️ Best free text for a child — checked against the file. This is Wiggin & Smith, The Arabian Nights: Their Best-known Tales (1909), with Maxfield Parrish's plates. It omits the frame story entirely (no wife killed each morning) and keeps the ten best-known tales, including Aladdin, Ali Baba and Sindbad. Not violence-free: Ali Baba's brother is quartered and the thieves boiled in oil; Sindbad meets the Old Man of the Sea. Verdict: the best starting point — read aloud at 7–9, independent at 9+. Fuller but grimmer: Andrew Lang's 1898 selection (#128) has 30+ tales but keeps the sultan strangling a new wife each morning — better at 11+. Burton is uncensored/adult. Sexual content is removed in both the Wiggin and Lang selections.

2. School Days (Ages 7–12)

A. Easier — read-aloud → early independent

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Dodge — Hans Brinker 960L · G5 · 10–11 yrs Gentle.
Burnett — Little Lord Fauntleroy 1070L · G6 · 11–12 yrs Gentle.
Burnett — The Secret Garden 970L · G5 · 10–11 yrs Gentle.
Twain — Tom Sawyer 950L · G5 · 10–11 yrs ⚠️ dated racial language; read aloud/discuss.
Spyri — Heidi 1000L · G5 · 10–11 yrs Gentle. Version: unabridged (many abridgements exist).
Sewell — Black Beauty 1020L · G6 · 11–12 yrs ⚠️ animal cruelty (distressing).
Stevenson — Kidnapped 990L · G5 · 10–11 yrs Adventure; ⚠️ violence, death.
Shakespeare — The Comedy of Errors 1060L · G6 · 11–12 yrs Gentle comedy; use a good retelling or the Lamb version for younger.
Collins — John Gilpin's Ride verse · 7–12 yrs Comic; gentle.
Browning — The Pied Piper of Hamelin verse · 7–12 yrs Children led away/lost (dark). Greenaway illustrations.
Aldrich — Story of a Bad Boy est. G5–6 · 10–12 yrs Mild mischief.
Tarkington — Penrod series est. G5–6 · 10–12 yrs Comic; ⚠️ some dated racial language.
Masefield — Jim Davis est. G5–6 · 10–12 yrs Smuggling adventure; mild.
Porter — Freckles est. G6+ · 11+ yrs Gentle nature story.
Garland — Son of the Middle Border est. G6+ · 11+ yrs Pioneer memoir.
Alcott — Little Women; Little Men 1260L · G9 · 14–15 yrs Warm; death (Beth).
Irving — The Sketch Book est. G6+ · 11+ yrs Essays/stories incl. Rip Van Winkle.

B. Middle — independent

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Stevenson — Treasure Island 1070L · G6 · 11–12 yrs ⚠️ violence, deaths, alcoholism, frightening (Blind Pew). Version: N.C. Wyeth illustrations.
Dickens — A Christmas Carol; Cricket on the Hearth 1080L · G7 · 12–13 yrs Warm/ghostly; fine.
Dickens — David Copperfield 1070L · G6 · 11–12 yrs Poverty, cruelty, death.
Hawthorne — Tanglewood Tales est. G6+ · 11+ yrs Greek myths; violence (standard).
Kingsley — Westward Ho! est. G7+ · 12+ yrs Adventure; ⚠️ dated imperial attitudes.
Marryat — Midshipman Easy; Masterman Ready est. G7+ · 12+ yrs Naval adventure; violence, dated attitudes.
Pyle — Robin Hood 1200L · G9 · 14–15 yrs Medieval violence (standard); Pyle's illustrations.
Verne — Around the World in Eighty Days 1070L · G6 · 11–12 yrs Adventure; gentle.
Kipling — Captains Courageous 1020L · G6 · 11–12 yrs Sea story; ⚠️ dated.
Kipling — Stalky & Co. est. G7+ · 12+ yrs ⚠️ bullying, imperial attitudes.
Cooper — The Deerslayer and others 1340L · G11–12 · 16–18 yrs ⚠️ dated depictions of Native Americans, violence.
Irving — Rip Van Winkle / The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 1360L · G11–12 · 16–18 yrs Sleepy Hollow is a ghost story (mild fright).
Longfellow — Hiawatha NC (poem) · 7–12 yrs ⚠️ Verified: romanticised, conflated tribes, the "vanishing Indian" trope, and stories appropriated from the Anishinaabe (via Schoolcraft); the hero's name is even wrong (Hiawatha is Iroquois; the source was Manabozho). Read with context. Evangeline also listed.
Dana — Two Years Before the Mast 1290L · G10 · 15–16 yrs Sea life; harsh conditions.
Wyss — The Swiss Family Robinson 1270L · G10 · 15–16 yrs Adventure; ⚠️ colonial attitudes, "savages". Version: unabridged vs retellings differ.
Defoe — Robinson Crusoe 1270L · G10 · 15–16 yrs ⚠️ colonial attitudes, "savages", Friday. Version: unabridged (retellings are easier).

C. Harder — older / discuss

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Stowe — Uncle Tom's Cabin 1050L · G6 · 11–12 yrs ⚠️ slavery at the centre; violence; dated racial language — powerful but heavy; read with discussion.
Twain — Huckleberry Finn 980L · G5 · 10–11 yrs (unabridged) ⚠️ the n-word appears ~200 times; slavery/racism central. Read aloud and discuss, or wait. Version: annotated/teaching editions; some editions replace the slur (contested — discuss).
Twain — The Prince and the Pauper 1170L · G8 · 13–14 yrs Mild by comparison. (Senior: not the later novels.)
Dickens — Oliver Twist est. G7+ · 12+ yrs Poverty, cruelty, death; Fagin's den and hints of vice/prostitution. Senior suggests reserving some Dickens for adolescents.
Henty — ~100 "Boys' Books" est. G7+ · 12+ yrs ⚠️ Verified: aggressively imperialist and racist — prefaces longing for "a strong white power," lines such as "the intelligence of an average negro is about equal to that of a European child of ten years old"; called "spectacularly racist." Popular in conservative home-schooling; needs explicit framing or skipping. Abridged/edited 20th-c editions exist.
Burroughs — Tarzan series 1000L · G5 · 10–11 yrs ⚠️ dated colonial/racial depictions; violence.
Longfellow — Evangeline NC (poem) · 7–12 yrs Historical poem; gentle.
James — Smoky; Lone Cowboy; Book of Cowboys NC1440L · G12+ · 18+ yrs Westerns; some violence.
Wilder — Little House on the Prairie; others 760L · G3 · 8–9 yrs Warm; ⚠️ dated racial depictions of Native Americans; some scare.

3. Adolescence (Ages 12–16) — independent

Adult themes are the norm (romance, violence, crime, death, faith). Senior intends this as the bridge to the "Great Books." Alphabetical, not ordered easiest→hardest. Level figures are band estimates, not measured Lexiles; many titles are still in copyright.

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Brontë (Emily) — Wuthering Heights est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs ⚠️ Destructive romance.
Collins — The Moonstone est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Dampier — A Voyage Round the World est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Daudet — Tartarin est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Dickens — Barnaby Rudge; Nicholas Nickleby; The Old Curiosity Shop est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Doyle — Sherlock Holmes; The White Company est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Du Maurier — Trilby est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Dumas — The Three Musketeers est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs Violence.
Eggleston — The Hoosier Schoolmaster est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Eliot — Romola; Adam Bede; The Mill on the Floss est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Fabre — Souvenirs entomologiques est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Hughes — Tom Brown's School Days; Tom Brown at Oxford est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Hugo — Ninety-Three; Les Misérables; The Hunchback of Notre-Dame est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs ⚠️ Prostitution, poverty, death.
Ibáñez — Blood and Sand; The Four Horsemen est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Le Sage — Gil Blas est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Park — Travels in Africa est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Parkman — The Oregon Trail est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Poe — Tales and poems est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs ⚠️ Horror.
Polo — Travels est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Reade — The Cloister and the Hearth est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Rhodes — Best Novels and Stories est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Scott — Ivanhoe; Rob Roy est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Shelley — Frankenstein est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs ⚠️
Shakespeare — A Midsummer Night's Dream; Romeo and Juliet; The Merchant of Venice est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs ⚠️ Romeo and Juliet: suicide.
Sienkiewicz — Quo Vadis; With Fire and Sword est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Swift — Gulliver's Travels ≈1300L · G10 · 15–16 yrs (unabridged) ⚠️ Adult satire; crude passages. Version: children's adaptations ≈590L.
Wallace — The Four Just Men; Sanders of the River est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs ⚠️
Wells — The Time Machine; The Invisible Man est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —
Wister — The Virginian est. G7–10 · 12–16 yrs —

4. Youth (Ages 16–20) — adult literature

Mature content is the norm (adultery, violence, faith, suffering). Alphabetical, not ordered easiest→hardest. Level figures are band estimates, not measured Lexiles; many titles are still in copyright.

Work Level Parent notes / versions
Austen — Pride and Prejudice est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Balzac — Père Goriot est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Bellamy — Looking Backward est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Bernanos — Diary of a Country Priest est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Blackmore — Lorna Doone est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Borrow — The Romany Rye est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Brontë (Charlotte) — Jane Eyre est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs ⚠️ The "madwoman in the attic".
Buchan — The Thirty-Nine Steps est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Butler — The Way of All Flesh; Erewhon est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Cabell — Jurgen est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Cable — Old Creole Days est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Cather — My Ántonia; Death Comes for the Archbishop est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Chekhov — Stories and plays est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Chesterton — Father Brown; The Everlasting Man; The Man Who Was Thursday est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Columbus — Four Voyages est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Conrad — Lord Jim est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Cook — Captain Cook's Explorations est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
de Maupassant — Stories est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Dickens — Bleak House; Our Mutual Friend; Martin Chuzzlewit est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Dostoyevsky — Crime and Punishment; The Brothers Karamazov est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Doughty — Travels in Arabia Deserta est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Fielding — Tom Jones est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs ⚠️ Sexual content.
Hakluyt — Voyages est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Hope — The Prisoner of Zenda est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Hawthorne — The Scarlet Letter est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs Adultery at the centre.
Irving — Life of Columbus; Conquest of Granada; Life of George Washington est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Jackson — Ramona est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Lagerlöf — Jerusalem; Gösta Berling est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Loti — An Iceland Fisherman est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Manzoni — The Betrothed est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Melville — Moby-Dick; Billy Budd est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Moore — Lalla Rookh est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Morris — News from Nowhere est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Scott — Scott's Last Expedition est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Shakespeare — Macbeth; Hamlet; The Taming of the Shrew; As You Like It est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Stendhal — The Red and the Black; The Charterhouse of Parma est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Stanley — How I Found Livingstone est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs ⚠️ Colonial attitudes.
Thackeray — Vanity Fair; Henry Esmond est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Tolstoy — War and Peace est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Trollope — Barchester series est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Turgenev — Fathers and Sons; A Nest of Gentlefolk est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Undset — Kristin Lavransdatter est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Verga — The House by the Medlar Tree est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —
Washington — Up from Slavery est. G9–12 · 14–18 yrs —

5. Spiritual Reading (all ages)

6. Music (Senior's beginner order)

Beethoven Violin Concerto; Beethoven Pastoral Symphony; Verdi Rigoletto (read the libretto in English first, then follow scenes in Italian); Puccini La Bohème; Mozart Clarinet/Oboe Concerto, Jupiter Symphony, piano music; Beethoven Symphony No. 7; Brahms Symphony No. 4; Chopin selections. Plus live concerts. (One work for at least a week, repeated, until the themes are recognised.)

7. Art

Kenneth Clark's Civilisation (book + series); museum and gallery visits above all.

Versions & editions worth knowing

Title What to look for
Arabian Nights Wiggin & Smith, Their Best-known Tales (1909) — best for children: no frame story, Parrish plates, Aladdin/Ali Baba/Sindbad. Lang (1898) — fuller (30+ tales) but keeps the wife-killing frame. Burton — uncensored/adult.
Aesop L'Estrange translation (Senior); modern retellings easier.
Grimm Crane-illustrated Dover facsimile; a selected/pruned edition for younger.
Perrault Doré-illustrated Dover facsimile.
Pinocchio Unabridged Collodi translation (not a Disney retelling).
Gulliver's Travels Unabridged (≈1300L) vs children's adaptation (≈590L).
Robinson Crusoe / Swiss Family Robinson Unabridged vs retellings.
Bible KJV / Douay-Rheims (Senior).
Pilgrim's Progress Children's illustrated edition vs full text.
Huckleberry Finn Annotated/teaching edition; some editions replace the slur (contested).
Treasure Island N.C. Wyeth illustrations.
Alice / Wind in the Willows Tenniel / Shepard illustrations.
Peter Rabbit Individual little books, not a collected volume.
Henty Abridged/edited 20th-c editions exist; needs framing either way.

Scholarly sources for the advisories

Found via CiteKit (academic index); useful if you want the criticism behind a flag.

Lexile note: verified from published measures where reachable — 42 of 142 rows carry a measured Lexile (bold); the italic figures are our grade-band estimates. Verified: Huck Finn 980L, Little House 760L, Pinocchio 790L (varies by translation), Alice 880L, Pooh 790L, Peter Rabbit AD660L, Aesop 940L, Tom Sawyer 950L, Secret Garden 970L, Kidnapped 990L, Heidi 1000L, Black Beauty 1020L, Just So Stories NC1060L, Treasure Island 1070L, Grimms 1080L, Christmas Carol 1080L, Jungle Book 1140L, Wind in the Willows 1140L, Little Women 1260L, Robinson Crusoe 1270L, Swiss Family Robinson 1270L, Gulliver ≈1300L, A Child's Garden of Verses 1190L, Tales from Shakespeare 960L, Doctor Dolittle 580L, The Water-Babies 1070L, Andersen 860L, Blue Fairy Book 1120L, Hans Brinker 960L, Little Lord Fauntleroy 1070L, Comedy of Errors 1060L, David Copperfield 1070L, Robin Hood 1200L, Around the World 1070L, Captains Courageous 1020L, Deerslayer 1340L, Two Years Before the Mast 1290L, Uncle Tom's Cabin 1050L, Prince and the Pauper 1170L, Tarzan 1000L, Smoky NC1440L. No published Lexile exists for Caldecott, Greenaway, Mother Goose, de la Mare, Perrault, Edgeworth, Belloc, Ewing, Gesta Romanorum, Uncle Remus, Arabian Nights, John Gilpin, Pied Piper, Story of a Bad Boy, Penrod, Jim Davis, Freckles, Son of the Middle Border, Sketch Book, Westward Ho!, Marryat, Stalky & Co., Hiawatha, Henty, Evangeline — those keep estimates. Conflicting by edition: Oliver Twist (850–1060L) and Tanglewood Tales (1200/1260L), so no single figure is given. Sections 3–4 carry no measured Lexiles at all. No number was invented; Lexile is edition-specific, so check your copy.

Source: "The Thousand Good Books" by John Senior (his incomplete life-long reading list). This is our own annotated working copy. Levels: Lexile where verified; italics = estimate. Parent notes are guidance only — pre-read your edition; editions and translations differ (esp. expurgated vs complete).